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Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, and interpretation of data and drawing conclusions from it. It is the application of mathematical principles to the collection, analysis, and presentation of data.
Data are the values (measurements or observations) that the
variables can assume. When data is collected in its original form, it is called
raw
data or unprocessed information. When data is ordered, it is called a data
array
Variable is a characteristic or attribute that can assume
different values. The variable can be independent or dependent.
An independent variable is one that can be
manipulated by the researcher during the experiment while the dependent variable is the factor that
is expected to be affected or influenced by the independent variable.
Two
concepts of statistics are also related to the sample and population, thus
parameter and statistic.
(i) Population consist of all subjects (human or otherwise) that are
being studied or a universal set of subjects (human or otherwise) under
consideration. For example, Tehila, a Grade 9A pupil at St Mary’s Secondary
School could be drawn from a population of either Grade 9A or all Grade 9
classes at St Mary’s School. A sample
is a group of subjects selected from a population.
(ii) A Parameter is a numerical description of a population
characteristic.
(iii) A Statistic is a numerical description of a sample
characteristic.
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